Flink SQL Reserved Keywords in Confluent Cloud for Apache Flink

Keywords are words that have significance in Confluent Cloud for Apache Flink®. Some keywords, like AND, CHAR, and SELECT are reserved and require special treatment for use as identifiers like table names, column names, and the names of built-in functions.

You can use reserved words as identifiers if you quote them with backtick characters. If you want to use one of the reserved words as a field name, enclose it with backticks, for example:

`DATABASES`
`RAW`

You can use nonreserved keywords as identifiers without enclosing them with backticks.

In the following tables, reserved keywords are shown in bold.

Not every SQL feature is implemented in Confluent Cloud for Apache Flink, and some string combinations are reserved as keywords for future use.

Index

A	B	C	D	E
F	G	H	I	J
K	L	M	N	O
P	Q	R	S	T
U	V	W	X	Y
Z

A

A	ABS	ABSENT	ABSOLUTE	ACTION
ADA	ADD	ADMIN	AFTER	ALL
ALLOCATE	ALLOW	ALTER	ALWAYS	AND
ANALYZE	ANY	APPLY	ARE	ARRAY
ARRAY_AGG	ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG	ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY	AS	ASC
ASENSITIVE	ASSERTION	ASSIGNMENT	ASYMMETRIC	AT
ATOMIC	ATTRIBUTE	ATTRIBUTES	AUTHORIZATION	AVG

B

BEFORE	BEGIN	BEGIN_FRAME	BEGIN_PARTITION	BERNOULLI
BETWEEN	BIGINT	BINARY	BIT	BLOB
BOOLEAN	BOTH	BREADTH	BUCKETS	BY
BYTES

C

C	CALL	CALLED
CARDINALITY	CASCADE	CASCADED
CASE	CAST	CATALOG
CATALOG_NAME	CATALOGS	CEIL
CEILING	CENTURY	CHAIN
CHANGELOG_MODE	CHAR	CHARACTER
CHARACTERISTICS	CHARACTERS	CHARACTER_LENGTH
CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG	CHARACTER_SET_NAME	CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
CHAR_LENGTH	CHECK	CLASS_ORIGIN
CLASSIFIER	CLOB	CLOSE
COALESCE	COBOL	COLLATE
COLLATION	COLLATION_CATALOG	COLLATION_NAME
COLLATION_SCHEMA	COLLECT	COLUMN
COLUMNS	COLUMN_NAME	COMMAND_FUNCTION
COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE	COMMENT	COMMIT
COMMITTED	COMPACT	COMPILE
COMPUTE	CONDITION	CONDITION_NUMBER
CONDITIONAL	CONNECT	CONNECTION
CONNECTION_NAME	CONSTRAINT	CONSTRAINTS
CONSTRAINT_CATALOG	CONSTRAINT_NAME	CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
CONSTRUCTOR	CONTAINS	CONTAINS_SUBSTR
CONTINUE	CONTINUOUS	CONVERT
CORR	CORRESPONDING	COUNT
COVAR_POP	COVAR_SAMP	CREATE
CROSS	CUBE	CUME_DIST
CURRENT	CURRENT_CATALOG	CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP	CURRENT_PATH	CURRENT_ROLE
CURRENT_ROW	CURRENT_SCHEMA	CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP	CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE	CURRENT_USER
CURSOR	CURSOR_NAME	CYCLE

D

DATA	DATABASE	DATABASES	DATE
DATE_DIFF	DATE_TRUNC	DATETIME	DATETIME_DIFF
DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE	DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION	DAY	DAYOFWEEK
DAYS	DAYOFYEAR	DATETIME_TRUNC	DEALLOCATE
DEC	DECADE	DECIMAL	DECLARE
DEFAULT	DEFAULTS	DEFERRABLE	DEFERRED
DEFINE	DEFINED	DEFINER	DEGREE
DELETE	DENSE_RANK	DEPTH	DEREF
DERIVED	DESC	DESCRIBE	DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTOR	DETERMINISTIC	DIAGNOSTICS	DISALLOW
DISCONNECT	DISPATCH	DISTINCT	DISTRIBUTED
DISTRIBUTION	DOMAIN	DOT	DOUBLE
DOW	DOY	DRAIN	DROP
DYNAMIC	DYNAMIC_FUNCTION	DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE

E

EACH	ELEMENT	ELSE	EMPTY	ENCODING
END	END-EXEC	END_FRAME	END_PARTITION	ENFORCED
EPOCH	EQUALS	ERROR	ESCAPE	ESTIMATED_COST
EVERY	EXCEPT	EXCEPTION	EXCLUDE	EXCLUDING
EXEC	EXECUTE	EXISTS	EXP	EXPLAIN
EXTEND	EXTENDED	EXTERNAL	EXTRACT

F

FALSE	FETCH	FILTER	FINAL	FIRST
FIRST_VALUE	FLOAT	FLOOR	FOLLOWING	FOR
FOREIGN	FORMAT	FORTRAN	FOUND	FRAC_SECOND
FRAME_ROW	FREE	FRESHNESS	FRIDAY	FROM
FULL	FUNCTION	FUNCTIONS	FUSION

G

G	GENERAL	GENERATED	GEOMETRY	GET
GLOBAL	GO	GOTO	GRANT	GRANTED
GROUP	GROUPING	GROUPS	GROUP_CONCAT

H

HAVING	HASH	HIERARCHY	HOLD	HOP
HOUR	HOURS

I

IDENTITY	IF	IGNORE	IMMEDIATE	IMMEDIATELY
IMPLEMENTATION	ILIKE	IMPORT	IN	INCLUDE
INCLUDING	INCREMENT	INDICATOR	INITIAL	INITIALLY
INNER	INOUT	INPUT	INSENSITIVE	INSERT
INSTANCE	INSTANTIABLE	INT	INTEGER	INTERSECT
INTERSECTION	INTERVAL	INTO	INVOKER	IS
ISODOW	ISOLATION	ISOYEAR

J

JAR	JARS	JAVA	JOB
JOBS	JOIN	JSON	JSON_ARRAY
JSON_ARRAYAGG	JSON_EXECUTION_PLAN	JSON_EXISTS	JSON_OBJECT
JSON_OBJECTAGG	JSON_QUERY	JSON_SCOPE	JSON_VALUE

K

K

KEY

KEY_MEMBER

KEY_TYPE

L

LABEL	LAG	LANGUAGE	LARGE	LAST
LAST_VALUE	LATERAL	LEAD	LEADING	LEFT
LENGTH	LEVEL	LIBRARY	LIKE	LIKE_REGEX
LIMIT	LN	LOAD	LOCAL	LOCALTIME
LOCALTIMESTAMP	LOCATOR	LOWER

M

M	MAP	MATCH	MATCHED	MATCHES
MATCH_NUMBER	MATCH_RECOGNIZE	MATERIALIZED	MAX	MAXVALUE
MEASURES	MEMBER	MERGE	MESSAGE_LENGTH	MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
MESSAGE_TEXT	METADATA	METHOD	MICROSECOND	MILLENNIUM
MILLISECOND	MIN	MINUS	MINUTE	MINUTES
MINUTE	MINVALUE	ML_PREDICT	MOD	MODEL
MODELS	MODIFIES	MODIFY	MODULE	MODULES
MONDAY	MONTH	MONTHS	MORE	MULTISET
MUMPS

N

NAME	NAMES	NANOSECOND	NATIONAL	NATURAL	NCHAR
NCLOB	NESTING	NEW	NEXT	NO	NONE
NORMALIZE	NORMALIZED	NOT	NTH_VALUE	NTILE	NULL
NULLABLE	NULLIF	NULLS	NUMBER	NUMERIC

O

OBJECT	OCCURRENCES_REGEX	OCTETS	OCTET_LENGTH	OF
OFFSET	OLD	OMIT	ON	ONE
ONLY	OPEN	OPTION	OPTIONS	OR
ORDER	ORDERING	ORDINAL	ORDINALITY	OTHERS
OUT	OUTER	OUTPUT	OVER	OVERLAPS
OVERLAY	OVERRIDING	OVERWRITE	OVERWRITING

P

PAD	PARAMETER	PARAMETER_MODE
PARAMETER_NAME	PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA	PARTIAL
PARTITION	PARTITIONED	PARTITIONS
PASCAL	PASSING	PASSTHROUGH
PAST	PATH	PATTERN
PER	PERCENT	PERCENTILE_CONT
PERCENTILE_DISC	PERCENT_RANK	PERIOD
PERMUTE	PIVOT	PLACING
PLAN	PLAN_ADVICE	PLI
PORTION	POSITION	POSITION_REGEX
POWER	PRECEDES	PRECEDING
PRECISION	PREPARE	PRESERVE
PREV	PRIMARY	PRIOR
PRIVILEGES	PROCEDURE	PROCEDURES
PUBLIC	PYTHON

Q

QUALIFY

QUARTER

QUARTERS

R

RANGE	RANK	RAW	READ
READS	REAL	RECURSIVE	REF
REFERENCES	REFERENCING	REFRESH_MODE	REGR_AVGX
REGR_AVGY	REGR_COUNT	REGR_INTERCEPT	REGR_R2
REGR_SLOPE	REGR_SXX	REGR_SXY	REGR_SYY
RELATIVE	RELEASE	REMOVE	RENAME
REPEATABLE	REPLACE	RESET	RESPECT
RESTART	RESTRICT	RESULT	RETURN
RETURNED_CARDINALITY	RETURNED_LENGTH	RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH	RETURNED_SQLSTATE
RETURNING	RETURNS	REVOKE	RIGHT
RLIKE	ROLE	ROLLBACK	ROLLUP
ROUTINE	ROUTINE_CATALOG	ROUTINE_NAME
ROUTINE_SCHEMA	ROW	ROWS	ROW_COUNT
ROW_NUMBER	RUNNING

S

SAFE_CAST	SAFE_OFFSET	SAFE_ORDINAL
SATURDAY	SAVEPOINT	SCALA
SCALAR	SCALE	SCHEMA
SCHEMA_NAME	SCOPE	SCOPE_CATALOGS
SCOPE_NAME	SCOPE_SCHEMA	SCROLL
SEARCH	SECOND	SECONDS
SECTION	SECURITY	SEEK
SELECT	SELF	SENSITIVE
SEPARATOR	SEQUENCE	SERIALIZABLE
SERVER	SERVER_NAME	SESSION
SESSION_USER	SET	SETS
SHOW	SIMILAR	SIMPLE
SIZE	SKIP	SMALLINT
SOME	SOURCE	SPACE
SPECIFIC	SPECIFICTYPE	SPECIFIC_NAME
SQL	SQLEXCEPTION	SQLSTATE
SQLWARNING	SQL_BIGINT	SQL_BINARY
SQL_BIT	SQL_BLOB	SQL_BOOLEAN
SQL_CHAR	SQL_CLOB	SQL_DATE
SQL_DECIMAL	SQL_DOUBLE	SQL_FLOAT
SQL_INTEGER	SQL_INTERVAL_DAY	SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR
SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE	SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND	SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR
SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE	SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND	SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE
SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND	SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH	SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND
SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR	SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH	SQL_LONGVARBINARY
SQL_LONGVARCHAR	SQL_LONGVARNCHAR	SQL_NCHAR
SQL_NCLOB	SQL_NUMERIC	SQL_NVARCHAR
SQL_REAL	SQL_SMALLINT	SQL_TIME
SQL_TIMESTAMP	SQL_TINYINT	SQL_TSI_DAY
SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECOND	SQL_TSI_HOUR	SQL_TSI_MICROSECOND
SQL_TSI_MINUTE	SQL_TSI_MONTH	SQL_TSI_QUARTER
SQL_TSI_SECOND	SQL_TSI_WEEK	SQL_TSI_YEAR
SQL_VARBINARY	SQL_VARCHAR	SQRT
START	STATE	STATEMENT
STATIC	STATISTICS	STDDEV_POP
STDDEV_SAMP	STOP	STREAM
STRING	STRING_AGG	STRUCTURE
STYLE	SUBCLASS_ORIGIN	SUBMULTISET
SUBSET	SUBSTITUTE	SUBSTRING
SUBSTRING_REGEX	SUCCEEDS	SUM
SUNDAY	SUSPEND	SYMMETRIC
SYSTEM	SYSTEM_TIME	SYSTEM_USER

T

TABLE	TABLES	TABLESAMPLE	TABLE_NAME
TEMPORARY	THEN	THURSDAY	TIES
TIME	TIMESTAMP	TIMESTAMP_DIFF	TIMESTAMP_LTZ
TIMESTAMP_TRUNC	TIMESTAMPADD	TIMESTAMPDIFF	TIMEZONE_HOUR
TIMEZONE_MINUTE	TIME_DIFF	TIME_TRUNC	TINYINT
TO	TOP_LEVEL_COUNT	TRAILING	TRANSACTION
TRANSACTIONS_ACTIVE	TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED	TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK	TRANSFORM
TRANSFORMS	TRANSLATE	TRANSLATE_REGEX	TRANSLATION
TREAT	TRIGGER	TRIGGER_CATALOG	TRIGGER_NAME
TRIGGER_SCHEMA	TRIM	TRIM_ARRAY	TRUE
TRUNCATE	TRY_CAST	TUESDAY	TUMBLE
TYPE

U

UESCAPE	UNBOUNDED	UNCOMMITTED	UNCONDITIONAL
UNDER	UNION	UNIQUE	UNKNOWN
UNLOAD	UNNAMED	UNNEST	UNPIVOT
UPDATE	UPPER	UPSERT	USAGE
USE	USER	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA	USING	UTF16
UTF32	UTF8

V

VALUE	VALUES	VALUE_OF	VARBINARY	VARCHAR
VARYING	VAR_POP	VAR_SAMP	VERSION	VERSIONING
VIEW	VIEWS	VIRTUAL

W

WATERMARK	WATERMARKS	WEDNESDAY	WEEK	WEEKS
WHEN	WHENEVER	WHERE	WIDTH_BUCKET	WINDOW
WITH	WITHIN	WITHOUT	WORK	WRAPPER
WRITE

X

XML

Y

YEAR

YEARS

Z

ZONE

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